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      數據庫備份概述

      數據庫備份概述

      創(chuàng)新互聯公司是專業(yè)的名山網站建設公司,名山接單;提供成都網站設計、網站建設,網頁設計,網站設計,建網站,PHP網站建設等專業(yè)做網站服務;采用PHP框架,可快速的進行名山網站開發(fā)網頁制作和功能擴展;專業(yè)做搜索引擎喜愛的網站,專業(yè)的做網站團隊,希望更多企業(yè)前來合作!

      概述:將數據庫中存在的現有數據,進行存放成為副本數據,可解決數據容災;
      ? ? ? ? ?? 提高系統(tǒng)的高可用性和災難恢復性,數據崩潰時,以最小代價重新恢復數據;

      數據丟失的原因:程序錯誤、人為錯誤、磁盤錯誤、天災人禍

      數據庫備份的分類

      • 物理備份

      ? ? ? ?? 指對數據庫操作系統(tǒng)的物理文件(數據文件、日志文件)等備份

      • 冷備份

        必須在數據庫關閉狀態(tài)下進行備份,能夠更好保證數據庫的完整性

      • 熱備份

        能夠在數據庫處于正常運行的情況下備份,能夠更高的保證服務的可用性

      • 邏輯備份

        指對數據庫的邏輯組件(數據庫、表、數據對象)進行備份

      • 完全備份

        將數據進行完整的備份,包含完整的庫、表、索引、視圖等,需要花費更長的時間

      • 差異備份

        備份自上次完全備份到現在發(fā)生改變的數據庫內容,備份的文件比完整備份的文件小,備份速度更快

      • 增量備份

      ? ? ? 備份至上次完全備份或增量備份后被修改的數據庫內容

      數據備份以及恢復

      • 物理備份(冷備份)

      [root@host50?backup]#?cp?-rp?/var/lib/MySQL/dumptest1/???/opt/backup/dumptest1
      [root@host50?backup]#?ls
      dumptest1
      [root@host50?backup]#?ls?dumptest1/
      db.opt??test.frm??test.ibd
      [root@host50?backup]#?ls?/var/lib/mysql/dumptest1/
      db.opt??test.frm??test.ibd
      [root@host50?backup]#?tar?-zcvf?mysql-backup-$(date?+%F).tar.gz?dumptest1/
      dumptest1/
      dumptest1/db.opt
      dumptest1/test.frm
      dumptest1/test.ibd
      [root@host50?backup]#?ls
      dumptest1??mysql-backup-2019-07-07.tar.gz??????????????????????????????????????????//dumptest1庫備份并且壓縮完成
      [root@host50?backup]#?rm?-dfr?/var/lib/mysql/dumptest1/????????????????????????????//刪除mysql數據庫dumptest1庫
      
      [root@host50?backup]#?systemctl?restart?mysqld
      
      [root@host50?backup]#?mysql?-uroot?-p123456
      mysql:?[Warning]?Using?a?password?on?the?command?line?interface?can?be?insecure.
      Welcome?to?the?MySQL?monitor.??Commands?end?with?;?or?\g.
      Your?MySQL?connection?id?is?3
      Server?version:?5.7.17?MySQL?Community?Server?(GPL)
      Copyright?(c)?2000,?2016,?Oracle?and/or?its?affiliates.?All?rights?reserved.
      Oracle?is?a?registered?trademark?of?Oracle?Corporation?and/or?its
      affiliates.?Other?names?may?be?trademarks?of?their?respective
      owners.
      Type?'help;'?or?'\h'?for?help.?Type?'\c'?to?clear?the?current?input?statement.
      mysql>?show?databases;???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????//查看所刪庫已經不在
      +--------------------+
      |?Database???????????|
      +--------------------+
      |?information_schema?|
      |?mysql??????????????|
      |?performance_schema?|
      |?sys????????????????|
      |?transtb????????????|
      +--------------------+
      5?rows?in?set?(0.00?sec)
      
      [root@host50?backup]#?tar?-zxvf?mysql-backup-2019-07-07.tar.gz?-C?/var/lib/mysql/????????????//恢復數據庫
      dumptest1/
      dumptest1/db.opt
      dumptest1/test.frm
      dumptest1/test.ibd
      
      [root@host50?backup]#?systemctl?restart?mysqld
      [root@host50?backup]#?mysql?-uroot?-p1234566
      mysql:?[Warning]?Using?a?password?on?the?command?line?interface?can?be?insecure.
      ERROR?1045?(28000):?Access?denied?for?user?'root'@'localhost'?(using?password:?YES)
      [root@host50?backup]#?mysql?-uroot?-p123456
      mysql:?[Warning]?Using?a?password?on?the?command?line?interface?can?be?insecure.
      Welcome?to?the?MySQL?monitor.??Commands?end?with?;?or?\g.
      Your?MySQL?connection?id?is?4
      Server?version:?5.7.17?MySQL?Community?Server?(GPL)
      Copyright?(c)?2000,?2016,?Oracle?and/or?its?affiliates.?All?rights?reserved.
      Oracle?is?a?registered?trademark?of?Oracle?Corporation?and/or?its
      affiliates.?Other?names?may?be?trademarks?of?their?respective
      owners.
      Type?'help;'?or?'\h'?for?help.?Type?'\c'?to?clear?the?current?input?statement.
      mysql>?show?databases;
      +--------------------+
      |?Database???????????|
      +--------------------+
      |?information_schema?|
      |?dumptest1??????????|
      |?mysql??????????????|
      |?performance_schema?|
      |?sys????????????????|
      |?transtb????????????|
      +--------------------+
      6?rows?in?set?(0.00?sec)
      mysql>?use?dumptest1;
      Reading?table?information?for?completion?of?table?and?column?names
      You?can?turn?off?this?feature?to?get?a?quicker?startup?with?-A
      Database?changed
      mysql>?select?*?from?test;??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????//庫恢復成功
      +-----+
      |?job?|
      +-----+
      |?aa??|
      |?bb??|
      |?c???|
      |?dd??|
      +-----+
      4?rows?in?set?(0.00?sec)

      • 邏輯備份(熱備份)

        庫名表示方式

        ?- --all-databases 或 -A ? ? ?? 所有庫

        ?-? 數據庫名 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 單個庫

      ? ? ?? - 數據庫名 表名 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? 單張表

      ? ? ?? - -B 數據庫1 數據庫2 ? ? ? ? ?? 多個庫

      • 注意事項

        - 無論備份還是恢復,都要驗證用戶權限

      [root@host50?backup]#?mysqldump?-uroot?-p?--all-databases?>?/opt/backup/alldb.sql???????????//備份所有庫
      Enter?password:?
      [root@host50?backup]#?ls
      alldb.sql
      [root@host50?backup]#?grep?-vE?'^/|^-|^$'?alldb.sql?|?head?-15?????????????????????????????//查看庫中部分內容
      CREATE?DATABASE?/*!32312?IF?NOT?EXISTS*/?`dumptest1`?/*!40100?DEFAULT?CHARACTER?SET?latin1?*/;
      USE?`dumptest1`;
      DROP?TABLE?IF?EXISTS?`test`;
      CREATE?TABLE?`test`?(
      ??`job`?varchar(30)?NOT?NULL
      )?ENGINE=InnoDB?DEFAULT?CHARSET=latin1;
      LOCK?TABLES?`test`?WRITE;
      INSERT?INTO?`test`?VALUES?('aa'),('bb'),('c'),('dd');
      UNLOCK?TABLES;
      CREATE?DATABASE?/*!32312?IF?NOT?EXISTS*/?`mysql`?/*!40100?DEFAULT?CHARACTER?SET?latin1?*/;
      USE?`mysql`;
      DROP?TABLE?IF?EXISTS?`columns_priv`;
      CREATE?TABLE?`columns_priv`?(
      ??`Host`?char(60)?COLLATE?utf8_bin?NOT?NULL?DEFAULT?'',
      ??`Db`?char(64)?COLLATE?utf8_bin?NOT?NULL?DEFAULT?'',
      ??
      [root@host50?backup]#?mysqldump?-uroot?-p?dumptest1?>?/opt/backup/dumptest1.sql??????????????//只備份一個庫
      Enter?password:?
      [root@host50?backup]#?ls
      alldb.sql??dumptest1.sql
      
      [root@host50?backup]#?mysqldump?-uroot?-p?-B?dumptest1??transtb>?/opt/backup/dumptest1+transdb.sql????//備份指定多個庫
      Enter?password:?
      [root@host50?backup]#?ls
      alldb.sql??dumptest1.sql??dumptest1+transdb.sql
      • 使用MYSQL命令從備份中恢復

        通常不建議直接覆蓋舊庫,而是采用建立新庫并導入邏輯備份的方式執(zhí)行恢復,待新庫正常后即可廢棄或刪除舊庫。

      [root@host50?backup]#?mysql?-uroot?-p?dumptest2??select?*?from?dumptest2.test;
      +-----+
      |?job?|
      +-----+
      |?aa??|
      |?bb??|
      |?c???|
      |?dd??|
      +-----+
      4?rows?in?set?(0.00?sec)

      binlog日志概述

      • 二進制日志用途及配置方式

      類型用途配置
      二進制日志記錄所有更改數據的操作

      log_bin=[dir/name]

      server_id=數字

      max_binlog_size=數字m

      • 采用binlog日志的好處

      ? ? -記錄除查詢之外的所有SQL命令

      ? ? -可用于數據恢復

      ? ? -配置MySQL主從同步的必要條件

      • binlog相關文件

        - 主機名-bin.index ? ? ? ? ? ? 記錄已有日志文件名

        - 主機名-bin.000001 ? ? ? ?? 第一個二進制日志

        - 主機名-bin.000002 ? ? ? ?? 第二個二進制日志

      例:

      • 配置/etc/my.cnf,并重啟服務

      [root@host50?backup]#?vim?/etc/my.cnf
      [mysqld]
      ..?..
      log-bin-index=mysql-bin??????????????????????????????//啟用二進制日志,并指定前綴
      server_id=1
      binlog_format=STATEMENT?????????????????????????????//在Mysql5.7中,binlog日志格式默認為ROW,但它不記錄sql語句上下文相關信息。需要將binlog日志格式修改為STATEMENT
      
      [root@host50?backup]#?systemctl?restart?mysqld
      
      [root@host50?backup]#?ls?/var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.*??//新啟用binlog后,每次啟動MySQl服務都會新生成一份日志文件
      /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.000001??/var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.index
      
      [root@host50?backup]#?ls?/var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.*????//重啟MySQL服務程序,或者執(zhí)行SQL操作“FLUSH?LOGS;”,會生成一份新的日志:
      /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.000001??/var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.index
      /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.000002
      
      [root@host50?backup]#?cat?/var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.index???//mysql-bin.index文件記錄了當前保持的二進制文件列表
      ./mysql-bin.000001
      ./mysql-bin.000002
      • 使用binlog日志恢復表記錄

      mysql>?create?database?binlogdb;???????????//創(chuàng)建庫?表,并刪除后恢復
      Query?OK,?1?row?affected?(0.01?sec)
      mysql>?use?binlogdb;
      Database?changed
      mysql>?create?table?tb1(
      ????->?id?int(4),
      ????->?name?varchar(20));
      Query?OK,?0?rows?affected?(0.00?sec)
      mysql>?insert?into?tb1?values
      ????->?(1,'aa'),
      ????->?(2,'bb'),
      ????->?(3,'cc');
      Query?OK,?3?rows?affected?(0.21?sec)
      Records:?3??Duplicates:?0??Warnings:?0
      mysql>?select?*?from?tb1;
      +------+------+
      |?id???|?name?|
      +------+------+
      |????1?|?aa???|
      |????2?|?bb???|
      |????3?|?cc???|
      +------+------+
      3?rows?in?set?(0.00?sec)
      mysql>?delete?from?tb1;
      Query?OK,?3?rows?affected?(0.00?sec)
      mysql>?select?*?from?tb1;
      Empty?set?(0.00?sec)
      
      [root@host50?backup]#?mysqlbinlog?/var/lib/mysql/host50-bin.000003?????//查看binlog日志確認恢復時間
      /*!50530?SET?@@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=1*/;
      /*!50003?SET?@OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE=@@COMPLETION_TYPE,COMPLETION_TYPE=0*/;
      DELIMITER?/*!*/;
      #?at?4
      #190707??1:49:26?server?id?1??end_log_pos?123?CRC32?0x92d92fbb??Start:?binlog?v?4,?server?v?5.7.17-log?created?190707??1:49:26
      #?Warning:?this?binlog?is?either?in?use?or?was?not?closed?properly.
      BINLOG?'
      Jt8gXQ8BAAAAdwAAAHsAAAABAAQANS43LjE3LWxvZwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
      AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEzgNAAgAEgAEBAQEEgAAXwAEGggAAAAICAgCAAAACgoKKioAEjQA
      Absv2ZI=
      '/*!*/;
      #?at?123
      #190707??1:49:26?server?id?1??end_log_pos?154?CRC32?0x12dd5e8b??Previous-GTIDs
      #?[empty]
      #?at?154
      #190707??1:53:03?server?id?1??end_log_pos?219?CRC32?0xba04792a??Anonymous_GTID?last_committed=0?sequence_number=1
      SET?@@SESSION.GTID_NEXT=?'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/;
      #?at?219
      #190707??1:53:03?server?id?1??end_log_pos?325?CRC32?0x651624b7??Query?thread_id=6?exec_time=0?error_code=0
      SET?TIMESTAMP=1562435583/*!*/;
      SET?@@session.pseudo_thread_id=6/*!*/;
      SET?@@session.foreign_key_checks=1,?@@session.sql_auto_is_null=0,?@@session.unique_checks=1,?@@session.autocommit=1/*!*/;
      SET?@@session.sql_mode=1436549152/*!*/;
      SET?@@session.auto_increment_increment=1,?@@session.auto_increment_offset=1/*!*/;
      /*!\C?utf8?*//*!*/;
      SET?@@session.character_set_client=33,@@session.collation_connection=33,@@session.collation_server=8/*!*/;
      SET?@@session.lc_time_names=0/*!*/;
      SET?@@session.collation_database=DEFAULT/*!*/;
      create?database?binlogdb
      /*!*/;
      #?at?325
      #190707??1:53:43?server?id?1??end_log_pos?390?CRC32?0x13116bdf??Anonymous_GTID?last_committed=1?sequence_number=2
      SET?@@SESSION.GTID_NEXT=?'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/;
      #?at?390
      #190707??1:53:43?server?id?1??end_log_pos?518?CRC32?0x431ff6ab??Query?thread_id=6?exec_time=0?error_code=0
      use?`binlogdb`/*!*/;
      SET?TIMESTAMP=1562435623/*!*/;
      create?table?tb1(
      id?int(4),
      name?varchar(20))
      /*!*/;
      #?at?518
      #190707??1:54:23?server?id?1??end_log_pos?583?CRC32?0x8dc7fcdb??Anonymous_GTID?last_committed=2?sequence_number=3
      SET?@@SESSION.GTID_NEXT=?'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/;
      #?at?583
      #190707??1:54:23?server?id?1??end_log_pos?670?CRC32?0x58cc7317??Query?thread_id=6?exec_time=0?error_code=0
      SET?TIMESTAMP=1562435663/*!*/;
      BEGIN
      /*!*/;
      #?at?670
      #190707??1:54:23?server?id?1??end_log_pos?803?CRC32?0xf0848df1??Query?thread_id=6?exec_time=0?error_code=0
      SET?TIMESTAMP=1562435663/*!*/;
      insert?into?tb1?values
      (1,'aa'),
      (2,'bb'),
      (3,'cc')
      /*!*/;
      #?at?803
      #190707??1:54:23?server?id?1??end_log_pos?834?CRC32?0x01790e76??Xid?=?17
      COMMIT/*!*/;
      #?at?834
      #190707??1:54:55?server?id?1??end_log_pos?899?CRC32?0xba024a34??Anonymous_GTID?last_committed=3?sequence_number=4
      SET?@@SESSION.GTID_NEXT=?'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/;
      #?at?899
      #190707??1:54:55?server?id?1??end_log_pos?986?CRC32?0xc99b2859??Query?thread_id=6?exec_time=0?error_code=0
      SET?TIMESTAMP=1562435695/*!*/;
      BEGIN
      /*!*/;
      #?at?986
      #190707??1:54:55?server?id?1??end_log_pos?1083?CRC32?0xda0eb644??Query?thread_id=6?exec_time=0?error_code=0
      SET?TIMESTAMP=1562435695/*!*/;
      delete?from?tb1
      /*!*/;
      #?at?1083
      #190707??1:54:55?server?id?1??end_log_pos?1114?CRC32?0xd72d7ba3??Xid?=?19
      COMMIT/*!*/;
      SET?@@SESSION.GTID_NEXT=?'AUTOMATIC'?/*?added?by?mysqlbinlog?*/?/*!*/;
      DELIMITER?;
      #?End?of?log?file
      /*!50003?SET?COMPLETION_TYPE=@OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE*/;
      /*!50530?SET?@@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=0*/;
      
      
      [root@host50?backup]#?mysqlbinlog?--start-datetime="2019-07-07?1:54:23"?--stop-datetime="2019-07-07?1:54:55"?/var/lib/mysql/host50-bin.000003?|?mysql?-uroot?-p123456
      
      mysql>?select?*?from?binlogdb.tb1;
      +------+------+
      |?id???|?name?|
      +------+------+
      |????1?|?aa???|
      |????2?|?bb???|
      |????3?|?cc???|
      +------+------+
      3?rows?in?set?(0.00?sec)

      生產環(huán)境 Mysql 數據庫備份策略

      • 策略設計思路:

        1.數據更新頻繁,則應該進行較為頻繁的備份;
        2.數據較為重要,則在有適當更新時進行備份;
        3.在數據庫壓力小的時段進行全量備份;? ?

      • 備份方案:

        1.在每周末的某個時段使用mysqldump進行重要數據庫的全量備份(最好備份單個數據庫,
        而不是all);


        2.在平時每天的晚上時段將二進制日志文件終止(前提需要根據數據記錄的生成數量合理指
        定單個二進制文件的大小),這樣每隔24小時會生成一個二進制日志文件;


        3.每周的全量備份文件和每天的二進制日志文件相加,就是這一周內數據庫的整體內容;


        4.出現故障時, 首先恢復全量備份, 可以執(zhí)行mysqlbinlog命令結合實際情況根據position值
        或者時間點進行恢復,確保萬無一失;


      網站標題:數據庫備份概述
      網頁網址:http://www.ef60e0e.cn/article/iehiid.html
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      1. <ul id="0c1fb"></ul>

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